G7 · courtroom architecture
Who gets to say “No”?
The important divide is not geography. It is where the citizen sits when the state asks permission to punish someone.
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Kirk left · Adam centre · Spock right · 8 chapters
“Civil disobedience is refusing to obey an unjust law. Jury nullification is refusing to enforce one.”
Independent jury🇨🇦 Canada · 🇺🇸 USA · 🇬🇧 UK
Citizens inside the judiciary🇫🇷 France · 🇮🇹 Italy · 🇩🇪 Germany · 🇯🇵 Japan
THE STATE PROSECUTES
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professional judge
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Deliberate separately?
Professional judges vote on guilt?
Independent jury verdict?
The legal elements are proved, but you believe conviction would be unjust.
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The point: jury nullification is not simply a loophole. It is one consequence of an institutional design in which citizens deliberate separately from professional judges and return their own verdict.
Primary/legal starting points:
Canada SCC ·
U.S. federal instructions ·
UK jury service ·
France ·
Germany GVG.
Educational comparison only. Rules vary by jurisdiction and proceeding. This page does not instruct anyone how to behave in an actual jury proceeding.